#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>

int main (int argc, char *argv[]) {
    NSLog (@"Hello, Objective-C!");
    return 0;
} // main

@interface Cicle : NSObject
{   // 实例变量，对象一旦被创建，都会默认包含所有的实例变量，并且赋予默认值。如果没有实例变量，可以直接省略花括号
    ShapeColor fillColor;  
    ShapeRect bounds;
}
// 方法
- (void) setFillColor: (ShapeColor) fillColor;

- (void) setBounds: (ShapeRect) bounds;

- (void) draw;

// 方法调用  中缀符  [对象 方法[:，冒号有无取决于后面有无参数] [参数说明: 要传入的实际参数] [...]]
// 栗子：[textThing setStringValue: @"helllo there" color: blue]

@end // Cicle

@implementation Cicle
- (void) setFillColor: (ShapeColor) c
{
    fillColor = c;
} // setFillColor
......

@interface 子类 : 父类
@end

@interface Car : NSObject
{
    Tire *tires[4];  // 此处便是复合
    Engine *engine;
}
@end // Car

@implementation Car
- (id) init {
    if (self = [super init]) {
        ....
    }
}
@end

typedef struct _NSRange
{
    unsigned int location;
    unsigned int length;
} NSRange;

// way 1 
NSRange range;
range.location = 10;
range.length = 10;

// way 2
NSRange range = {10, 10};

// way 3 该方式可以作为函数参数直接传递
NSRange range = NSMakeRange(10, 10);

// 坐标
struct CGPoint
{
    float x;
    float y;
};
// 存储长度和宽度
struct CGSize
{
    float width;
    float height;
};
// 矩形
struct CGRect
{
    CGPoint origin;
    CGSize size;
};
// 创建这些数据类型的函数：CGPointMake()、CGSizeMake()、CGRectMake()

// + (id) stringWithFormat: (NSString *) format, ...;

NSString *height;
height = [NSString stringWithFormat: @"Your height is %d feet, %d inches", 5, 11];

// 结果
// Your height is 5 feet，11 inches

NSUInteger length = [height length];

- (BOOL) isEqualToString: (NSString *) aString;

- (NSComparisonResult) compare: (NSString *) aString;

enum
{
    NSOrderedAscending = -1,  // 左边字符串更小
    NSOrderedSame,  // 两字符串相同
    NSOrderedDescending  // 右边字符串相同
};
typedef NSInteger NSComparisonResult;

NSString *thing1 = @"hello 5";
NSString *thing2 = [NSString stringWithFormat: @"hello %d", 5];

if ([thing1 isEqualToString: thing2]) {
    NSLog(@"They are same!");
}

- (NSComparisonResult) compare: (NSString *) aString options: (NSStringCompareOptions) mask;

if ([thing1 compare:options: NSCaseInsesitiveSearch | NSNumericSearch] == NSOrderedSame) {
    NSLog(@"They match!");
}

- (id) stringWithCapacity: (NSUInteger) capacity;

NSMutableString *string = [NSMutableString stringWithCapacity: 47];

- (void) appendString: (NSString *) aString;

- (void) appendFormat: (NSString *) aString, ...;

NSMutableString *string = [NSMutableString stringWithCapacity: 47];
[string appendString: @"Hello there "];
[string appendFormat: @"human %d", 39];

- (void) deleteCharactersInRange: (NSRange *) aRange;

// 方式 1
NSArray *array = [NSArray arrayWithObjects:@"one", @"two", @"three", nil];
// 方式 2 字面量语法格式 无需添加 nil 来表示数组结束
NSArray *array2 = @[@"one", @"two", @"three"];

// 获取元素数量
- (void) count;

// 获取某个特定索引处的元素
- (id) objectAtIndex: (NSUInteger) index;

// 通过字面量获取元素
id *myObject = array[1];

// 栗子
for (NSInteger i = 0; i < [array count]; ++i) {
    NSLog(@"index %d has %@.", i, [array objectAtIndex:i]);
    NSLog(@"index %d has %@.", i, array[i]);
}

// 切分数组
NSString *string = @"oop:ack:bork:greeble:ponies";
NSArray *chunks = [string componentsSeparatedByString:@":"];  // 根据":"来切割字符串并返回一个数组

string = [chunks componentsJoinedByString:@"-"];  // 根据"-"来连接数据中的字符串并返回最终合成的字符串

+ (id) arrayWithCapacity: (NSUInteger) numItems;

// 栗子

NSMutableArray *array = [NSMutableArray arrayWithCapacity:17];

- (void) addObject: (id) anObject;

// 栗子
for (NSIngeter i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
    [array addObject: @"123"];
}

- (void) removeObejectAtIndex: (NSUIngeter) index;

// 栗子
[array removeObjectAtIndex: 0];  // 删除位置为0的数组元素

- (NSEnumerator *)objectEnumerator;  // 从前往后的迭代器

// 栗子
NSEnumerator *enumerator = [array objectEnumerator];

- (NSEnumerator *) reverseObjectEnumerator;  // 从后往前的迭代器


// 使用枚举器获取下一个对象

- (id) nextObject;  // 如果返回 nil 表示迭代结束 这也是数组中不能存储 nil 的另外的一个原因

// 栗子
NSEnumerator *enumerator = [array objectEnumerator];
while (id = thingie = [enumerator nextObject]) {
    NSLog(@"I found %@", thingie);
}

for (NSString *string in array) {
    NSLog(@"I found %@", string);
}

// 方式 1 字面量方式
@{key:value,...}

// 方式 2 函数方式
+ (id) dictionaryWithObjectsAndKeys: (id) firstObject,...;

Tire *t1 = [Tire new];
Tire *t2 = [Tire new];
Tire *t3 = [Tire new];
Tire *t4 = [Tire new];

NSDictionary *tires = [NSDictionary dictionaryWithObjectsAndKeys: t1, @"font-left", t2, @"font-right", t3, @"back-left", t4, @"back-right", nil];  // 先value后key 以nil作为结尾

NSDictionary *tires = @{@"font-left":t1, @"font-right":t2, @"back-right":t3, @"back-right":t4};

// 方式 1 使用函数
- (id) objectForKey: (id) aKey;

// 方式 2 字面量语法
tires[key];

// 创建
+ (id) dictionaryWithCapacity: (NSUInteger) numItems;

// 直接给 NSMutableDictionary 发送 dictionary 信息
[NSMutableDictionary dictionary];

// 添加元素 如果存在相同的key 那么会直接覆盖原有的value
- (void) setObject: (id) anObject forKey: (id) aKey;

// 删除元素
- (void) removeObjectForKey: (id) aKey;

// 函数方法

+ (NSNumber *) numberWithChar: (char) value;
+ (NSNumber *) numberWithInt: (int) value;
+ (NSNumber *) numberWithFloat: (float) value;
+ (NSNumber *) numberWithBool: (BOOL) value;

// 字面量方法

NSNumber *number;
number = @'X';      // 字符型
number = @12345;    // 整型
number = @12345ul;  // 无符号长整数
number = @12345ll;  // long long
number = @123.45f;  // 浮点型
number = @123.45;   // 双浮点型
number = @YES;      // 布尔值

// NSNumber --> 基本数据类型

- (char) charValue;
- (int) intValue;
- (float) floatValue;
- (BOOL) boolValue;
- (NSString *) stringValue;

// 函数方法
+ (NSValue *) valueWithBytes: (const void *) value objcType: (const char *) type;

// 获取数值
- (void) getValue: (void *)buffer;

// 栗子
NSRect rect = NSMakeRect (1, 2, 30, 40);
NSValue *value = [NSValue valueWithBytes:&rect objcType:@encode(NSRect)];
[array addObject:value];

value = [array objectAtIndex:0];
[value getValue:&rect];

// 常用的将struct转换成NSValue的方法
+ (NSValue *)valueWithPoint: (NSPoint) aPoint;
+ (NSValue *)valueWithSize: (NSSize) size;
+ (NSValue *)valueWithRect: (NSRect) rect;
- (NSPoint) pointValue;
- (NSSize) sizeValue;
- (NSRect) rectValue;

// 栗子
value = [NSValue valueWithRect: rect];
[array addObject: value];
...
NSRect anotherRect = [value rectValue];

+ (NSNull *) null;  // 总是返回相同的数值 可以使用 == 来与其他的值进行比较

// 栗子
[contact setObject: [NSNull null] forKey: @"home fax machine"];
id homefax = [contact objectForKey: @"home fax machine"];
if (homefax == [NSNull null]) {
    // ...
}

- (id) retain;
- (oneway void) release;
- (NEUInteger) retainCount;

// 正确写法
Car *car = [[Car alloc] init];
// 错误写法
Car *car = [Car alloc]; [Car init];

(id) init {
    if (self = [super init]) {
        engine = [Engine new];
        tires[0] = [Tire new];
        tires[1] = [Tire new];
        tires[2] = [Tire new];
        tires[3] = [Tire new];
    }
    return (self);
} // init

@interface Car: NSObject
{
    ...
}
- (id) initWithPresure: (float) p treadDepth: (float) td 
...
@end

@implementation Car

- (id) initWithPresure: (float) p treadDepth: (float) td {
    if (self = [super init]) {
        presure = p;
        treadDepth = td;
    }
    return self;
}
...
@end

// 使用
Car *car = [[Car alloc] initWithPresue:20 treadDepth:33];

@property 类型 属性名

@synthesize 属性名

对象.属性名 = 属性值;  // 修改
对象.属性名  // 访问

@property (copy) 属性名;  // 属性会被复制
@property (assign) 属性名;  // 默认是弱引用

@synthesize 属性名 = 实例变量名

// 栗子

@interface Car : NSObject
{
    NSString *appellation;
    ...
}

@property (copy) NSString *name;

@synthesize name = appellation;

@property (readonly) 属性类型 属性名;

@dynamic 属性名称;

@interface NSString (NumberConvenience)
- (NSNumber *) lenghtAsNumber;
@end

@implementation NSString (NumberConvenience)
- (NSString *) lengthAsNumber {
    NSUInteger length = [self length];  // 获取字符串的长度
    return ([NSNumber numberWithUnsignedInt:length]);
}
@end

@interface Things : NSObject
@property (assign) NSInteger things;
@property (readonly, assign) NSInteger things;
...
- (void) resetAllValues;
@end

@interface Things ()
{
    NSInteger thing4;
}
@property (readwrite, assign) NSInteger thing2;
@property (assign) NSInteger thing3;
@end

@selector(setTire:atIndex)

// NSObject 使用 respondsToSelector: 来确定是否可以响应某个特定的消息

if ([car respondsToSelector:@selector(setEngine)]) {
    NSLog(@"sdfk");
}

@protocol NSCopying
- (id) copyWithZone: (NSZone *) zone;
@end

@protocol MySuperDuberProtocol <MyPerentProtocol>

@end

@interface Car : NSObject <NSCopying, NSCoding>
{

}
...
@end

@interface Engine : NSObject <NSCopying>
@end // Engine

@implementation Engine 
- (id) copyWithZone: (NSZone *) Zone
{
    Engine *engineCopy;
    engineCopy = [[[self class] allocWithZone: zone] init];
    return (engineCopy);
}
@end

- (void) setobjectValue: (id<NSCopying>) object;

@protocol BaseballPlayer
- (void) drawHugeSallary;  // 必须实现的方法
@optional  // 可选择实现的方法
- (void) slideHome;
- (void) catchBall;
- (void) throwBall;
@required  // 必须实现的方法
- (void) swingBat;
@end

// 定义 
<returntype> (^blockname) (list of arguments) = ^(arguments) {body;};
void (^my_block)(void); // 无返回值 无参数 有名

// 栗子
int (^square_block) (int number) = ^(int number) {
    return number * number;
};
int result = square_block(5);
...

// 如果没有参数，可以省略 `^(arguments)` 括号内容和括号本身
void (^theBlock)() = ^{...};

int value = 6;
int (^multiply_block)(int number) = ^(int number) {
    return value * number;  // 直接使用外部的与代码块在同一话括号内的 value
};
int result = multiply_block(7);
...

NSArray *array = [NSArray arrayWithObjects: @"Amir", @"Mishal", @"Irrum", nil];
NSLog(@"Unsorted Array %@", array);
NSArray *sortedArray = [array sortedArrayUsingComparator:^(NSString *object1, NSString *object2){
    return [object1 compare: object2];
}];

typedef double (^MKSampleMutiply2BlockRef) (double c, double d);

MKSampleMutiply2BlockRef mutiply2 = ^(double c, double d) {
    return c * d;
};

@synchronized (theObject)
{

}

- (void) myMethod;
- (void) myMethod:(id)myObject;

- (void) myBackgroundMethod {
    @autoreleasepool {
        NSLog(@"My Background Method");
    }
}

// 执行
[self performSelectorInBackground:@selector(myBackgroundMethod) withObject:nil];

dispatch_queue_t my_serial_queue;
my_serial_queue = dispatch_queue_create("com.apress.MySerialQueue1", NULL);

dispatch_queue_t myQueue;
myQueue = dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT， 0)； // 默认优先级

dispatch_queue_t main_queue = dispatch_get_current_queue(void);

NSMutableDictionary *myContext = [[NSMutableDictionary alloc] initWithCapacity:5];
[myContent setObject:@"My Context" forKey:@"title"];
[myContent setObject:[NSNumber numberWithInt:0] forKey:@"value"];
dispatch_set_context(_serial_queue, (__bridge_retained void*)myContext);

// 格式
void function_name (void *context);

// 栗子
void myFinalizerFunction(void *contect) {
    NSLog(@"myFinalizerFunction");
    NSMutableDictionary *theData = (__bridge_transfer NSMutableDictionary*)contex;
    [theData removeAllObjects];
}

NSMutableDictionary *myContext = (__bridge NSMutableDictionary *) dispatch_get_context(dispatch_get_current_queue());

typedef void (^dispatch_block_t) (void)

dispatch_block_t myBlcok = ^{
    NSLog(@"My Predfriend block");
};
dispatch_async(_serial_queue, myBlock);

void myDispatchFunction(void *argument) {
    ...
}
dispatch_async_f(_serial_queue, (__bridge void *)[NSNumber numberWithInt:3], (dispatch_function_t)myDispatchFunction);

dispatch_suspend(_serial_queue);  // 暂停
dispatch_resume(_serial_queue);  // 唤醒

@implementation MyCustomClass
- (NSOperation *) operationWithData:(id) data {
    return [[NSInvocationOperation alloc] initWithTarget:self selector:@selector(myWorkerMethod:) object:data];
}
- (void) myWorkerMethod: (id)data {
    NSLog(@"My Worker Method %@", data);
}
@end

NSBlockOperation *blockOperation = [NSBlockOperation blockOperationWithBlock:^{
    // work
}];
[blockOperation addExecutionBlock:^{
    // work
}];

NSOperationQueue *currentQueue = [NSOperationQueue currentQueue];  // 当前队列
NSOperationQueue *mainQueue = [NSOperationQueue mainQueue];  // 主队列
NSOperationQueue *_operationQueue = [[NSOperationQueue alloc] init];  // 自建队列

[theQueue addOperation:blockOperation];  // 添加操作
[theQueue addOperationWithBlock:^{
    NSLog(@"My Block");
}];

NSDate *date = [NSdate date];  // 获取当前的时间
NSLog(@"today is %@", date);

// 与当前时间相隔一段时差的日期
NSDate *yesterday = [NSDate dateWithTimeIntervalSinceNow: -(24 * 60 * 60)];
NSLog(@"yesterday is %@", yesterday);

const char *string = "Hi there, this is a C string!";
NSData *data = [NSData dataWithBytes:string length:strlen(string) + 1];
NSLog(@"data is %@", data);
NSLog(@"%d byte string is '%s'", [data length], [data bytes]);

[[NSArray arrayWithObjects:@"I", @"seem", @"to", @"be", @"a", @"verb", nil] writeToFile:@"./tmp/verbiage.txt" atomically:YES];
NSLog(@"%@", [NSArray arrayWithContentsOfFile:@"./tmp/verbiage.txt"]);

// 预设了很多行为选项
propertyListFromData:mutabilityOption:format:errorDescription:
// 返回 plist 并且在出现异常的时候会提供错误信息

@protocol NSCoding
- (void) encodeWithCoder: (NSCoder *) encoder;
- (id) initWithCoder: (NSCoder *) decoder;
@end

- (void) encoderWithCoder: (NSCoder *) coder {
    [coder encodeObject: name forKey: @"name"];
    [coder encodeInt: magicNumber forKey: @"magicNumber"];
    [coder encodeFloat: shoeSize forKey: @"shoeSize"];
    [coder encodeObject: subThingies forKey: @"subThingies"];
}

- (id) initWithCoder: (NSCoder *) decoder {
    if (self = [super init]) {
        self.name = [decoder decodeObjectForKey: @"name"];
        self.magicNumber = [decoder decodeIntForKey: @"magicNumber"];
        self.shoeSize = [decoder decodeFloatForKey: @"shoeSize"];
        self.subThingies = [decoder decodeObjectForKey: @"subThingies"];
    }
}

[car setValue: [NSNumber numberWithInt:10] forKey: @"engine.horsepower"];
NSLog(@"horsepower is %@", [car valueforKey: @"engine.horsepower"]);

NSArray *presures = [car valueForKey:@"tires.presure"];
NSLog(@"presures %@", presures);

// 返回到是一个 presure 变量封装称 NSNumber 对象所构成的数组

NSNumber *count;
count = [garage valueForKeyPath: @"cars.@count"];

car = [[garage valueForKeyPath:@"cars"] lastObject];
NSArray *keys = [NSArray arrayWithObjects: @"make", @"model", @"modelYear", nil];
NSDictionary *carValues = [car dictionaryWithValuesForKeys: keys];

NSDictionary *newValues = [
    NSDictionary dictionaryWithObjectsAndKeys:
        @"Chevy", @"make",
        @"Nova", @"model",
        [NSNumber numberWithInt: 1964], @"modelYear",
        mil
];
[car setValuesForKeysWithDictionary: newValues];

- (void) setNilValueForKey: (NSString *) key {
    if ([key isEqualToString: @"mileage"]) {
        mileage = 0;
    } else {
        [super setNilValueForKey: key];
    }
}

@interface Garage: NSObject
{
    NSString *name;
    NSMutableArray *cars;
    NSMutableDictionary *stuff;
}

- (void) setValue: (id) value forUndefinedKey: (NSString *) key {
    if (stuff == nil) {
        stuff = [[NSMutableDictionary alloc] init];
    }
    [stuff setValue:value forKey:key];
}

- (id) valueForUndefinedKey: (NSString *) key {
    id value = [stuff valueForKey: key];
    return value;
}

NSPredicate *predicate = [NSPredicate predicateWithFormat: @"name == 'Herbie'"];

BOOL match = [predicate evaluateWithObject: car];
NSLog(@"%s", (match) ? "YES" : "NO");

NSArray *array = [cars filteredArrayUsingPredicate: predicate];
NSLog(@"%@", array);

predicate = [NSPredicate predicateWithFormat: @"engine.horsepower > %d", 50];
predicate = [NSPredicate predicateWithFormat: @"%K == %@", @"name", @"Herbie"];

NSPredicate *predicateTemplate = [NSPredicate predicateWithFormat: @"name == $NAME"];
NSDictionary *varDict = [NSDictionary dictionaryWithObjctsAndKeys: @"Herbie", @"name", nil];
NSPredicate *predicate = [predicateTemplate predicateWithSubstitutionVariables: varDict];

// 比较和逻辑运算符
> >= < <= !=
and or not // 不区分大小写
&& || !
// 数组运算符
between {}
in {}
// self 表示用于响应谓词计算的对象
self.属性名
self
// 字符串运算法
// 接收 [cd] 修饰符 表示 是否区分大小写和发音符
beginswith  // 以。。。开头
endswith    // 以。。。结尾
contains    // 包含。。。
// like
like ‘正则表达式’